Dual exposure to smoking and household air pollution is associated with an increased risk of severe asthma in adults in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between smoking, household pollution, dual exposure and severity of asthma in adults has not been sufficiently studied. We examined and compared the effects of cigarette smoking, domestic wood burning pollution and dual exposure (tobacco and wood burning) upon asthma severity in adults. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study performed with 452 individuals with mild to moderate asthma and 544 patients with severe asthma (previously untreated). Smoking and exposure to wood smoke were identified and quantified through questionnaires to evaluate current and/or previous exposure; objective determination of cigarette exposure was obtained through the measurement of urinary cotinine. Asthma control was evaluated through Asthma Control Questionnaire; and severity was classified according to the Global Initiative for Asthma criteria. Subjects were grouped according to exposure type into 4 groups: smokers, household pollution, dual-exposure and no-exposure. Chi square, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons between groups. RESULTS: Out of 996 included individuals, 78 (7.8%) were exposed to cigarette smoking alone, 358 (35.9%) to household pollution alone, 155 (15.6%) to the two exposures combined and 405 (40.7%) were not exposed. Compared to unexposed individuals, exposure to household pollution resulted in poorer asthma control, higher proportion of severe asthma, and worse indicators of lung function. The double-exposed individuals were worse off in all the evaluated parameters, and they were significantly worse than subjects with single exposure to household air pollution in relation to asthma severity and lung function. These subjects were predominantly females, older, with longer residence time in rural areas, lower income and lower schooling levels. Multivariate analysis showed that exposure to household pollution and double exposure were predictive factors associated with lack of control and increased severity of asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to household pollution is associated with poorer control, greater severity, and poorer pulmonary function; double-exposed individuals have a greater risk of severe asthma and decreased lung function than those exposed only to household pollution.

Prevalência e gravidade de asma, rinite e eczema entre crianças e adolescentes de Feira de Santana, BA, por questionário do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) / Prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema among children and adolescents living in Feira de Santana, Bahia, northeastern Brazil, according to international study of Asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência e gravidade de asma, rinite e eczema entre escolares de 6-7 anos e adolescentes de 13-14 anos residentes em Feira de Santana, BA. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal. Questionários padronizados do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) foram respondidos pelos pais de escolares em residência e devolvidos às escolas, e pelos adolescentes em sala de aula. Na análise estatística utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado. Resultados: A prevalência de sintomas de asma, rinite e eczema atópico nos últimos 12 meses em escolares foi de 19,1% (118); 40,7% (251) e 7,8% (48) respectivamente; e em adolescentes foi de 23,9% (247); 38,7% (400) e 11% (114). Rinite esteve associada de forma significante à asma em escolares, com com razão de prevalência RP 2,16 IC95% (1,83-2,56) e em adolescentes, com RP 1,53 IC95% (1,31-1,78). Eczema também mostrou associação significante com asma em escolares, com RP 2,15 IC95% (1,22-3,78) e em adolescentes RP 3,29 IC95% (2,35-4,62). Asma grave foi observada em 7,1% e 7,4% dos escolares e adolescentes, enquanto que rinite grave ocorreu em 25,8% e 21,6% de escolares e adolescentes, respectivamente. Conclusões: A prevalência de asma e rinite foi elevada entre escolares e adolescentes de Feira de Santana, BA. Em concordância com estudos prévios, a asma permanece subdiagnosticada. Houve elevada frequência de asma e rinite graves. Ações por órgãos públicos e privados de saúde são necessárias para o controle destas doenças.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in schoolchildren aged 6-7 years and adolescents aged 13-14 years living in Feira de Santana, state of Bahia, north eastern Brazil. In this cross-sectional study, parents of childrenaged 6-7 years answered standardized questionnaires of the International Study of Asthma andAllergies in Childhood (ISAAC) in their homes, where as adolescents answered questionnaires inthe classroom. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence ofasthma, rhinitis, and eczema over the past 12 months among schoolchildren was 19.1% (118),40.7% (251), and 7.8% (48), respectively; and among adolescents, 23.9% (247), 38.7% (400), and11% (114), respectively. Rhinitis was significantly associated with asthma, with a prevalence ratio (PR) of 2.16 and a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of 1.83-2.56 among schoolchildren, andRP = 1.53 and 95%CI = 1.31‑1.78 among adolescents. Eczema also showed significant association with asthma among both schoolchildren (RP = 2.15, 95%CI = 1.22-3.78) and adolescents(RP = 3.29, 95%CI = 2.35‑4.62). Severe asthma was observed in 7.1 and 7.4% of schoolchildren andadolescents, respectively, whereas severe rhinitis was present in 25.8 and 21.6%. Conclusions: Prevalence of asthma and rhinitis was high among schoolchildren and adolescents living in Feirade Santana, Bahia. In line with previous studies, asthma remained underdiagnosed. There wasa high frequency of severe asthma and rhinitis. Policies established by public and private health agencies are warranted to improve control of these diseases.

Comparison between two methods of asthma control evaluation based on individual perception.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the subjective perception of asthma control reported by the patient with that measured by the score obtained on the Asthma Control Questionnaire 6-item version (ACQ-6) in patients with severe asthma and to determine whether asthma control is associated with the number of emergency room visits in the previous month. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 528 patients treated at the Bahia State Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Control Program Central Referral Clinic between August of 2008 and March of 2010, in the city of Salvador, Brazil. The patients completed the ACQ-6 and answered a specific additional question in order to evaluate their own perception of asthma control in the previous week. RESULTS: We evaluated 423 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The sample was predominantly female (81.3%), and 64.3% had an income lower than two times the national minimum wage. The mean age was 49.85 ± 13.71 years, and the duration of asthma symptoms was 32.11 ± 16.35 years. The patients had been regularly treated via the program for 36.65 ± 18.10 months. Based on the subjective perception of asthma control, only 8% of the patients considered their asthma to be uncontrolled, whereas 38.8% had an ACQ-6 score > 1.5, which indicates poor control. The kappa statistic revealed poor concordance between the two methods. There was a direct association between uncontrolled asthma and the number of emergency room visits in the previous month (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of patients, the subjective perception of asthma control differed from that measured by the ACQ-6 score, and the patients overestimated their own level of asthma control, which puts them at risk of being undertreated.

Comparação entre dois métodos de avaliação do controle da asma baseados na percepção individual / Comparison between two methods of asthma control evaluation based on individual perception

OBJETIVO: Comparar a percepção subjetiva do controle da asma informada pelo paciente com aquela obtida por meio do escore do Asthma Control Questionnaire com seis questões (ACQ-6) em pacientes com asma grave e verificar se o controle da asma está associado ao número de visitas a salas de emergência no mês anterior. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de 528 pacientes acompanhados na Central de Referência do Programa para Controle da Asma e Rinite Alérgica na Bahia, entre agosto de 2008 e março de 2010, em Salvador (BA). Os pacientes responderam ao ACQ-6 e a uma questão adicional específica para avaliar sua percepção do controle da doença na semana prévia. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 423 pacientes, que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A maioria era do gênero feminino (81,3%) e possuía renda familiar menor que dois salários mínimos (64,3%). A média de idade foi de 49,85 ± 13,71 anos, e a duração dos sintomas de asma foi de 32,11 ± 16,35 anos. Os pacientes eram regularmente tratados no programa há 36,65 ± 18,10 meses. Baseados na percepção subjetiva do controle, 8% dos pacientes consideraram a sua asma não controlada, enquanto 38,8% obtiveram escore do ACQ > 1,5, indicando falta de controle. O coeficiente kappa revelou fraca concordância entre os dois métodos. Houve uma associação direta entre falta de controle e número de visitas a emergência no mês anterior (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Nesta amostra de pacientes, a percepção subjetiva do paciente sobre o controle da asma diferiu da medida por meio do ACQ-6, e os pacientes superestimaram seu controle, trazendo risco de subtratamento.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the subjective perception of asthma control reported by the patient with that measured by the score obtained on the Asthma Control Questionnaire 6-item version (ACQ-6) in patients with severe asthma and to determine whether asthma control is associated with the number of emergency room visits in the previous month. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 528 patients treated at the Bahia State Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Control Program Central Referral Clinic between August of 2008 and March of 2010, in the city of Salvador, Brazil. The patients completed the ACQ-6 and answered a specific additional question in order to evaluate their own perception of asthma control in the previous week. RESULTS: We evaluated 423 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The sample was predominantly female (81.3%), and 64.3% had an income lower than two times the national minimum wage. The mean age was 49.85 ± 13.71 years, and the duration of asthma symptoms was 32.11 ± 16.35 years. The patients had been regularly treated via the program for 36.65 ± 18.10 months. Based on the subjective perception of asthma control, only 8% of the patients considered their asthma to be uncontrolled, whereas 38.8% had an ACQ-6 score > 1.5, which indicates poor control. The kappa statistic revealed poor concordance between the two methods. There was a direct association between uncontrolled asthma and the number of emergency room visits in the previous month (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of patients, the subjective perception of asthma control differed from that measured by the ACQ-6 score, and the patients overestimated their own level of asthma control, which puts them at risk of being undertreated.

Manuseio de dispositivos inalatórios e controle da asma em asmáticos graves em um centro de referência em Salvador / Use of inhaler devices and asthma control in severe asthma patients at a referral center in the city of Salvador, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o manuseio dos dispositivos pelos asmáticos graves acompanhados no Programa para o Controle da Asma e Rinite Alérgica na Bahia (ProAR), registrando a frequência dos seus erros em passos essenciais e a relação desses com a falta de controle da asma. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal com 467 pacientes em acompanhamento no ProAR, na cidade de Salvador (BA). Os dispositivos avaliados foram inalador dosimetrado (ID), em isolado ou com espaçador, e inalador de pó seco (IPS; Pulvinal® ou Aerolizer®). A avaliação da técnica inalatória foi realizada através de uma lista de verificação, sendo solicitado ao paciente que demonstrasse o uso para que um entrevistador observasse todos os passos realizados. Para a avaliação do controle da asma, utilizou-se o questionário de controle da asma com seis questões. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes demonstrou técnicas inalatórias adequadas no uso dos dispositivos. Poucos erros foram observados na etapa essencial "coordenar disparo e inspiração" no uso de ID isolado e com espaçador (em 5,2 por cento e em 9,1 por cento dos pacientes, respectivamente). No uso de Pulvinal®, 39 por cento dos pacientes não realizaram uma inspiração rápida e profunda, comparados a somente 5,8 por cento no uso de Aerolizer®. Dos pacientes que utilizavam apenas Aerolizer®, 71,3 por cento realizaram adequadamente todos os passos essenciais e estavam controlados. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos pacientes desta amostra, os quais eram submetidos a verificações periódicas da técnica inalatória no programa, utilizavam adequadamente os dispositivos. A técnica inalatória adequada está associada ao controle dos sintomas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of inhaler devices by patients with severe asthma treated via the Programa para o Controle da Asma e Rinite Alérgica na Bahia(ProAR, Bahia State Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Control Program), recording the frequency of their errors in performing key steps and the relationship between such errors and the lack of asthma control. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 467 patients enrolled in the ProAR in the city of Salvador, Brazil. The devices evaluated were metered dose inhalers (MDIs), with or without a spacer, and dry powder inhalers (DPIs; Pulvinal® or Aerolizer®). For the assessment of the inhalation technique, a checklist was used; the patients were asked to demonstrate the technique so that an interviewer could observe all of the steps performed. For the assessment of asthma control, we used the 6-item asthma control questionnaire. RESULTS: Most of the patients showed appropriate inhalation techniques when using the devices. When using an MDI, few patients made mistakes in the key step of "coordinating activation and inhalation" (5.2 percent and 9.1 percent with and without the use of a spacer, respectively). During Pulvinal® use, 39 percent of the patients did not inhale quickly and deeply, compared with only 5.8 percent during Aerolizer® use. Of the patients that made use of Aerolizer® alone, 71.3 percent appropriately performed all of the essential steps, and their asthma was controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients in this sample, all of whom had been submitted to periodic checks of their inhalation technique (as part of the program), used the devices appropriately. Proper inhalation technique is associated with asthma symptom control.

Use of inhaler devices and asthma control in severe asthma patients at a referral center in the city of Salvador, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of inhaler devices by patients with severe asthma treated via the Programa para o Controle da Asma e Rinite Alérgica na Bahia(ProAR, Bahia State Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Control Program), recording the frequency of their errors in performing key steps and the relationship between such errors and the lack of asthma control. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 467 patients enrolled in the ProAR in the city of Salvador, Brazil. The devices evaluated were metered dose inhalers (MDIs), with or without a spacer, and dry powder inhalers (DPIs; Pulvinal® or Aerolizer®). For the assessment of the inhalation technique, a checklist was used; the patients were asked to demonstrate the technique so that an interviewer could observe all of the steps performed. For the assessment of asthma control, we used the 6-item asthma control questionnaire. RESULTS: Most of the patients showed appropriate inhalation techniques when using the devices. When using an MDI, few patients made mistakes in the key step of "coordinating activation and inhalation" (5.2% and 9.1% with and without the use of a spacer, respectively). During Pulvinal® use, 39% of the patients did not inhale quickly and deeply, compared with only 5.8% during Aerolizer® use. Of the patients that made use of Aerolizer® alone, 71.3% appropriately performed all of the essential steps, and their asthma was controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients in this sample, all of whom had been submitted to periodic checks of their inhalation technique (as part of the program), used the devices appropriately. Proper inhalation technique is associated with asthma symptom control.

Fatores preditores de hospitalização por asma em crianças e adolescentes participantes de um programa de controle da asma / Predictors of hospital admission due to asthma in children and adolescents enrolled in an asthma control program

OBJETIVO: Determinar as características clínicas e os fatores preditores para hospitalizações por asma em crianças e adolescentes sob tratamento em um centro de referência para asma. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva com 151 crianças e adolescentes com asma, provenientes do Sistema Único de Saúde, recebendo tratamento gratuito e acompanhados durante 12 meses no centro de referência do Programa de Controle da Asma e Rinite Alérgica de Feira de Santana, em Feira de Santana (BA) Brasil. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para determinar a associação entre as variáveis estudadas e a ocorrência de hospitalizações, enquanto o teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para a comparação entre os grupos de pacientes hospitalizados e não hospitalizados. O nível de significância adotado foi de p < 0,05. A análise univariada com regressão logística foi realizada para determinar os fatores preditores de hospitalização. RESULTADOS: Dos 151 pacientes do estudo, 8 (5,2 por cento) foram hospitalizados com um total de 12 internações. O único fator preditor encontrado na análise univariada foi maior gravidade da asma (OR = 13,3; IC95 por cento: 2,55-70,1). CONCLUSÕES: Devido ao fato de que, em nossa amostra, o principal fator preditor de hospitalização foi a maior gravidade da asma, essa condição requer atenção especial no cuidado a esses pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical characteristics and the predictors of hospital admission due to asthma among children and adolescents with asthma under treatment at a referral center. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study comprising 151 children and adolescents with asthma, referred from the Unified Health Care System and enrolled in the Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Control Program in the city of Feira de Santana, Brazil, followed for a period of 12 months and receiving asthma medication at no cost. The chi-square test was used in order to determine the associations between the studied variables and the occurrence of hospital admissions, whereas the Mann-Whitney test was used for the comparison between the groups of hospitalized patients and nonhospitalized patients. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Univariate analysis with logistic regression was performed in order to determine the predictors of hospital admission. RESULTS: Of the 151 patients evaluated, 8 (5.2 percent) were hospitalized, in a total of 12 hospital admissions. In the univariate analysis, the only variable found to be a predictive factor was greater asthma severity (OR = 13.3; 95 percent CI: 2.55-70.1). CONCLUSIONS: The fact that, in our study sample, the principal predictor of hospital admission was greater asthma severity, calls for special attention being given to the care of these patients.

Predictors of hospital admission due to asthma in children and adolescents enrolled in an asthma control program.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical characteristics and the predictors of hospital admission due to asthma among children and adolescents with asthma under treatment at a referral center. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study comprising 151 children and adolescents with asthma, referred from the Unified Health Care System and enrolled in the Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Control Program in the city of Feira de Santana, Brazil, followed for a period of 12 months and receiving asthma medication at no cost. The chi-square test was used in order to determine the associations between the studied variables and the occurrence of hospital admissions, whereas the Mann-Whitney test was used for the comparison between the groups of hospitalized patients and nonhospitalized patients. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Univariate analysis with logistic regression was performed in order to determine the predictors of hospital admission. RESULTS: Of the 151 patients evaluated, 8 (5.2%) were hospitalized, in a total of 12 hospital admissions. In the univariate analysis, the only variable found to be a predictive factor was greater asthma severity (OR = 13.3; 95% CI: 2.55-70.1). CONCLUSIONS: The fact that, in our study sample, the principal predictor of hospital admission was greater asthma severity, calls for special attention being given to the care of these patients.

Fatores de risco para visitas à emergência por exacerbações de asma em pacientes de um programa de controle da asma e rinite alérgica em Feira de Santana, BA / Risk factors for ER visits due to asthma exacerbations in patients enrolled in a program for the control of asthma and allergie rhinitis in Feira de Santana, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores de risco para atendimentos de emergência por exacerbações da asma em pacientes acompanhados em um centro de referência. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectiva de 253 crianças e adultos com asma e monitorados por 12 meses no Centro de Referência do Programa de Controle da Asma e Rinite Alérgica de Feira de Santana, BA. RESULTADOS: As exacerbações foram frequentes, e 36,5 por cento dos pacientes buscaram assistência em serviços de emergência no período de 12 meses. Os fatores de risco associados às exacerbações foram idade > 20 anos (OR = 1,34; IC95 por cento: 1,06-1,70); residência em zona urbana (OR = 1,19; IC95 por cento: 1,06-1,33); baixa escolaridade (OR = 1,53; IC95 por cento: 1,00-2,39); asma grave (OR = 1,65; IC95 por cento: 1,24-2,18); e rinite crônica (OR = 2,20: IC95 por cento: 1,00-4,80). CONCLUSÕES: Ter de rinite crônica, asma mais grave e baixa escolaridade foram os principais fatores de risco para atendimentos de emergência por exacerbações da asma nesta coorte. Esses resultados são semelhantes àqueles descritos para pacientes com asma sem tratamento regular.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for ER visits due to asthma exacerbations in patients monitored at a referral center. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 253 outpatients (children and adults) with asthma who were monitored for 12 months at the Referral Center of the Program for the Control of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis in the city of Feira de Santana, Brazil. RESULTS: Exacerbations were common, and 36.5 percent of the patients sought ER treatment within the twelve-month period. The risk factors for asthma exacerbations were being over 20 years of age (OR = 1.34: (95 percent CI: 1.06-1.70), residing in an urban area (OR = 1.19; 95 percent CI: 1.06-1.33); having a low level of education (OR = 1.53: 95 percent CI: 1.00-2.39); having severe asthma (OR = 1.65; 95 percent CI: 1.24-2.18); and having chronic rhinitis (OR = 2.20; 95 percent CI: 1.00-4.80). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, having chronic rhinitis, having asthma that is more severe and having a low level of education were the main risk factors for ER visits due to asthma exacerbations. These results are similar to those reported for asthma patients who are receiving no regular treatment.

Risk factors for ER visits due to asthma exacerbations in patients enrolled in a program for the control of asthma and allergie rhinitis in Feira de Santana, Brazil..

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for ER visits due to asthma exacerbations in patients monitored at a referral center. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 253 outpatients (children and adults) with asthma who were monitored for 12 months at the Referral Center of the Program for the Control of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis in the city of Feira de Santana, Brazil. RESULTS: Exacerbations were common, and 36.5% of the patients sought ER treatment within the twelve-month period. The risk factors for asthma exacerbations were being over 20 years of age (OR = 1.34: (95% CI: 1.06-1.70), residing in an urban area (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.06-1.33); having a low level of education (OR = 1.53: 95% CI: 1.00-2.39); having severe asthma (OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.24-2.18); and having chronic rhinitis (OR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.00-4.80). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, having chronic rhinitis, having asthma that is more severe and having a low level of education were the main risk factors for ER visits due to asthma exacerbations. These results are similar to those reported for asthma patients who are receiving no regular treatment.